Volume 14, Number 12 · June 18, 1970
How the School System is Rigged for Failure
By Florence Howe, Paul Lauter
There has hardly been a time during the last 150 years when Americans were not being told that the schools were at a 'turning point,' 'confronted with a crucial challenge,' 'entering an era of new importance.' At the same time, they have forever been at the edge of failure. Indeed, one major enterprise of educators in every generation has been to analyze that failure and propose new remedies. In the 1840s, industrialization, urbanization, and immigration produced conflict and dislocation in most cities of the North. Educational innovators envisioned public high schools as the means for unifying and civilizing communities, as well as promoting economic growth and social mobility. According to Joseph White, fourth secretary of the Massachusetts Board of Education during this period, in the high schools,
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