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In The Widening Circle, a collection of three essays on the reading public in England, France, and Germany respectively in the eighteenth century, Bernhard Fabian, the author of the essay on Germany, quotes a classification of 'habitual readers' that was made in 1799 by the German romantic novelist known as Jean Paul. 'In Germany,' Jean Paul said, 'there are three publics or publica: (1) the general, almost uneducated and unlearned of the lending libraries; (2) the learned consisting of professors, candidates, students, and reviewers; and (3) the educated, which is composed of men of the world and educated women, of artists and the higher classes educated at least through social intercourse and travel. (There are certainly frequent interrelations between these three publics.)'
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